NSFNET: 1985 – 1994: Taming Tigers: Finding Routers for NSFNET | May 23 | 1 p.m. EDT

Internet Reunion Club

Thank you for joining us on May 23 for NSFNET: 1985 – 1994: Taming Tigers: Finding Routers for NSFNET. This Internet2-supported event included discussions of early routers, the development of IP routing software, and the early challenges of router performance.

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Presentations

Speakers Sessions
Scott BradnerThe Early Routers and Interoperability
The concept of deploying small special-purpose computers (i.e. “routers”) to manage traffic in data networks had been around for decades, yet when it came time for the NSFNET interim backbone to be deployed in the mid-1980s commercially available devices were few. And, there were not many options when the NSFNET speed was to be increased to T3 (45Mbps) in the early 1990s.

This talk will explore the development of routers from the early 1960s to the devices used in the T3 NSFNET.
Susan HaresRouting Software
The explosive growth in the number of NSFNET networks, and the complexity of the interconnections between them and to other national and international IP networks, challenged the internet community to develop appropriate routing algorithms and standards.

This talk will chart the development of IP routing software over that tumultuous decade from 1985 to 1994 – covering NSFNET routing (Gated on IBM), open-source routing (Gated from Cornell), OSI routers, and commercial router protocols.
Craig PartridgeGigabit Routers
As the growth of the NSFNET / Internet exploded at the end of the 1980s, the Internet community realized that one of its many immediate challenges was router performance. At the time, routers were designed around a single processor and a single high-speed bus. The community realized this architecture would fail at data rates much over 2 Gbps, far below anticipated backbone router data rates in the near future.

It was clear to almost everyone that future routers had to be built around a switched backplane, but it was unclear how to adapt IP routers to work on switched backplanes. Craig will talk about the router industry’s attempts to solve this problem and, after several missteps, the creation of the modern backbone router architecture.

Speaker Biographies

Scott Bradner:

Scott Bradner retired in 2016 after working for 50 years at Harvard University IT. He also was involved with the IETF for more than 25 years and spent nearly that amount of time with the Internet Society. He created and ran the Harvard Network Device Test Lab which performed performance tests on hundreds of routers and switches.

Susan Hares:

Susan Hares has designed and deployed routing protocols and architectures for over 30 years and is recognized as one of the world’s foremost experts in routing technology (L2, L3, SDN, NFV, Intent Networking) and on software-based virtualization of network technology. She is co-chair of the IETF’s Inter-Domain Routing (IDR) WG and a co-author of the BGP specification.

In 2015, Ms. Hares began consulting, writing books, and teaching. Currently, she is consulting with Huawei on new technologies for the internet and is working on a series of books on consensus decision-making in volunteer organizations (e.g. IETF). Susan is an adjunct professor at Regent University, Virginia, teaching biblical Greek, moral integrity, and spiritual formation.

Craig Partridge:

Dr. Craig Partridge is chair of the Department of Computer Science at Colorado State University. Prior to moving to CSU, Craig was chief scientist at BBN Technologies, where he worked for 35 years. Craig is an IEEE and ACM Fellow and is a member of the Internet Hall of Fame.

DateTitleOrganizations/PresentersDescription
Tuesday, January 14NASA:The Beginning of a New Frontier
Eisenhower Foundation
Julie Conley
Education Specialist”Since President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, known as NASA, the United States has been a leader in space exploration. Our everyday lives have been changed in many ways through the innovations created by NASA. In this program, students will learn about the “Space Race”, the history of NASA, and some of those innovations we enjoy so much!
Thursday, January 16An Old and Haunting Dream: Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Popular ImperialismThe Hermitage and Theodore Roosevelt Center
Erin Adams, Director of Education, The Hermitage
William Hansard Theodore Roosevelt Center”””Often seen as the first imperialist President, Andrew Jackson believed the president to be answerable to the people above all else – including the Constitution and the Supreme Court. Theodore Roosevelt, at times both a populist and a progressive, consciously modeled his presidency on powerful executives before him, referring to his philosophy as “the Jackson-Lincoln theory of the presidency.” How do Jackson and Roosevelt’s theories of executive power affect the presidency today?
Tuesday, January 21The First 100 Days: FDR Set the BenchmarkRoosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Jeffrey S. Urbin, Education Specialist & Director of the Pare Lorentz Film Center
The first 100 days of the Roosevelt Administration was the most legislatively active period in American history. This session explores the proclamations, executive orders and steady stream of legislation FDR pushed through Congress to bring relief to the crippling effects of the Great Depression.
Thursday, January 23
Constitution and Presidential Powers”
National Archives and Records Administration
Sara Lyons Davis
Education Specialist”In this program, students will use the Constitution to discover the powers of the president, including powers that are shared with or checked by the legislative and judicial branches of government. Students will analyze primary sources from the National Archives that illustrate these powers, including legislation, presidential appointments, pardons, treaties, and more!
Thursday, January 30Camping and Tramping in New York, Maine, and North Dakota:
Theodore Roosevelts Changing Concept of Wilderness
Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
Rachel Lane, Programming Associate, TRPL
William Hansard Public Historian TRC”
Tuesday, February 4The Unexpected PresidenciesHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library
Sadie Troy and Sheila Mehta, Education Specialist
We take for granted the ways in which people become president: serve in the government, run for election, take the oath of office at inauguration. But sometimes, people are thrust into the Presidency unexpectedly and have to lead the nation and the free world with no notice. Presidents Truman and Johnson were in exactly those positions. With few people who have been part of the ‘Presidents Club,’ how do they know what to do? Examine the path that the two took to become President — and even an unlikely friendship that grew out of it.
Tuesday, February 11Before and After: Capturing Presidents Through Portraiture
Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery
Jocelyn Kho
Student Programs Coordinator and Erin Koester Tusell Gallery Educator”
Thursday, February 13Talk, Text, and Televise: Communication in the White HouseHerbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, and Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library
Bridget Nash, Sadie Troy, and Sheila Mehta, Education Specialists
Students today arent the only people obsessed with technology! Join the education teams from three different presidential libraries to talk about how Presidents Hoover, Truman, and Johnson all infused the latest communication technologies into their White Houses. From capturing early video camera recordings, to putting the first TV in Oval Office, to phone calls with astronauts in space, these presidents have shared our love of technology and the expansion of communication!
Tuesday, February 18Vote & Be Counted!
Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library
Sheila Mehta & Kameko Jacobs Education Specialist (both)”
Your vote is your voice in the United States government, but not everyone has had the right to vote. We’ll explore the history and milestones of voting rights from the Constitution to today!
Thursday, February 20A Crusade for Peace: Eisenhower and Korea
Eisenhower National Historic Site
Dan Vermilya
Park Ranger”When Dwight Eisenhower ran for president in 1952, the United States was embroiled in the Korean War. Eisenhower pledged, if elected, he would go to Korea and find a way to bring the fighting to an end, calling his mission a “crusade for peace.” This program will utilize primary sources such as speeches, historic photographs, and special artifacts in the Eisenhower NHS museum collection to examine Eisenhower’s dedication to peace in his first year as president.
Tuesday, February 25Two Days in Texas
The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza
Genevieve Kaplan
Director of Education”In November 1963, President Kennedy traveled to Texas for a 5-city, 2-day tour of the state focused on interacting with local citizens and helping to mend rifts in the Democratic Party. Learn about the trip throught the voices of the people who saw him and the impact of the assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas on the trip. Using oral history interviews, historic photos and objects, participants will learn about this moment in history and the changes it brought to the nation.
Thursday, February 27The Tuskegee Airman
Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
“”Jeffrey S. Urbin
Education Specialist & Director of the Pare Lorentz Film Center
Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum”””A highly bigoted 1925 Army War College report stated that African American men were of little value in times of war. This session tells the story of how a group of Black men proved they could take down enemy aircraft abroad and racial barriers at home.
Tuesday, March 4Lou Henry Hoover: Challenging Conventions Since 1898
Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
Bridget Nash
Education Specialist”Lou Henry Hoover has been referred to as the “Activist First Lady.” In this program students will use historic photos, objects, and documents to explore the life and times of Lou Henry Hoover, her roles in the Boxer Rebellion and the Commission for Belgium Relief, and her connections to women’s suffrage.
Thursday, March 6The Saxton House Tour
The Saxton House Tour
Lisa Meade
Park Ranger”Who was Ida Saxton McKinley? What did she do as first lady and why? You can think about these questions and more as a knowledgable park ranger virtually guides you through the former home of Ida and William McKinley. Through learning the story of this former first lady, you’ll be able to understand the difficult and public position of first ladies.
Tuesday, March 11Frontier AdventuresAbraham Lincoln Birthplace NHS and Lincoln Boyhood NM
Paula Alexander, Park Ranger, Erin Hilligoss-Volkmann, Noelle Legrand
From the accounts remembered and told by Abraham Lincoln, his family and neighbors, we know some things about the life and adventures of young Abraham. Explore how these adventures helped shape the character and life of our 16th president.
Thursday, March 13202 Years of Presidential ConnectionsGovernors Island National Monument
Joe Korber, Park Ranger
Governors Island was a military base in New York Harbor for 202 years, 1974-1996. In that span of time multiple U.S. Presidents spent time or had an impact on the island and its residence. We will take a look at those presidents and their connections to Governors Island, before, during or after their presidencies.
Tuesday, March 18The Cold War and the Carter AdministrationJimmy Carter Presidential Library
Josh Montanari, Education Specialist
Carter assumed the presidency during a time of dtente with the Soviet Union, but other Cold War fronts presented critical challenges to his administration, with every decision incurring a certain amount of risk! Could President Carter maintain dtente with the Soviets while improving relations with their communist nemesis China? What role did President Carter’s commitment to human rights play in all of this? Through analysis of primary sources and facilitated dialogue, students will answer these questions, and better understand the civic aspects of the American presidency.
Thursday, March 20A Monumental Legacy: The Story of Grant’s TombGeneral Grant National Memorial
Miranda Allen, Park Ranger
How do you design a memorial or monument to honor a president? Step into the mind of the architect and learn the history of the largest mausoleum in North America and how it highlights and preserves President Grant’s life accomplishments and legacy.
Tuesday, March 25Lincoln’s Lasting WordsFord’s Theatre and National Mall and Memorial Parks
Alex Wood, Ford’s Theatre and Jen Epstein, National Mall and Memorial Parks
Two of President Lincolns Speeches are carved onto the walls of the Lincoln Memorial: the Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural Address. Why were these two speeches selected for that place? Why do they still matter to us today? Fords Theatre and the National Park Service explore the historical context and lasting legacies of these speeches and how we remember President Lincoln. This program will include live interaction, a short introduction to the Fords Approach to Oratory, and close-reading of historic texts and primary source images.
Thursday, March 27From General to Citizen: Washington’s Resignation as Commander in ChiefGeorge Washington’s Mount Vernon
Sachika Ghosh, Lead Specialist for Student Learning
George Washington was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army in 1775. After leading the Army to victory in the Revolutionary War, he promptly resigned his military commission in December of 1783. In this program, students will learn about Washington’s leadership, the significance of his decision to relinquish power, and how this precedent continues to inform peaceful transitions of power to this day.
Tuesday, April 1Leadership in a Time of Crisis: The Oklahoma City BombingClinton Presidential Library and Museum
Kathleen Pate, Education Specialist
At 9:02 a.m. on April 19,1995, a powerful bomb exploded in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City. The blast killed 168 people, including 19 children, and injured 500. Students will learn about how President Clinton responded to the nation’s worst single act of domestic terrorism.
Thursday, April 3President Grant and Civil RightsUlysses S. Grant National Historic Site
Nick Sacco, Historian and Curator
When the Civil War ended, Americans had to work together to restore the nation. This period
was called “”Reconstruction””. During Reconstruction President Ulysses S. Grant tried to
reconcile the North and South while protecting the rights of the country’s formerly enslaved
African Americans. Students will learn about President Grant’s efforts to promote peace
prosperity and equal rights during the Reconstruction era.”